因果图的概念和学习The concept and learning of causal diagrams

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所谓因果图，又称特性要因图，主要用于分析品质特性与影响品质特性的可能原因之间的因果关系，通过把握现状、分析原因、寻找措施来促进问题的解决，是一种用于分析品质特性（结果）与可能影响特性的因素（原因）的一种工具。又称为鱼骨图。

                               
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The so-called causal diagram, also known as the characteristic causal diagram, is mainly used to analyze the causal relationship between quality characteristics and possible causes that affect quality characteristics.
By grasping the current situation, analyzing the causes, and finding measures to promote problem-solving, it is a tool used to analyze quality characteristics (results) and factors (causes) that may affect characteristics. Also known as fishbone diagram.

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把重点放在解决问题上，并依5W2H的方法逐项列出，绘制因果图时，重点先放在“为什么会发生这种原因、结果”，分析后要提出对策时则放在“如何才能解决”；

Why——为何要做？（对象）

What——做什么？（目的）

Where——在哪里做？（场所）

When——什么时候做？（顺序）

Who——谁来做？（人）

How——用什么方法做？（手段）

How much——花费多少？（费用）

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Focus on solving problems and list them item by item using the 5W2H method.

When drawing a cause and effect diagram, focus first on "why this cause and effect occurred", and when analyzing and proposing countermeasures, focus on "how to solve it";



Why - Why do we need to do it? (Object)



What - What to do? (Purpose)



Where - Where is it done? (Place)



When - When will it be done? (Order)



Who - Who will do it? (Person)



How - What method is used to do it? (means)



How much - how much does it cost? (Cost)

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分类：

① 追求原因型：在于追求问题的原因，并寻找其影响，以因果图表示结果（特性）与原因（要因）间的关系；

② 追求对策型：追求问题点如何防止、目标如何达成，并以因果图表示期望效果与对策的关系。

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Classification:



① Pursuing the cause type: It is to pursue the cause of the problem and find its impact, using a causal diagram to represent the relationship between the result (characteristic) and the cause (main cause);



② Pursuing countermeasures: Pursuing how to prevent problem points, how to achieve goals, and using a causal diagram to represent the relationship between expected effects and countermeasures.

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实施步骤：

① 成立因果图分析小组，3~6人为好，最好是各部门的代表；

② 确定问题点；

③ 画出干线主骨、中骨、小骨及确定重大原因（一般从5M1E即人Man、机Machine、料Material、法Method、测Measure、环Environment六个方面全面找出原因）；

④ 与会人员热烈讨论，依据重大原因进行分析，找到中原因或小原因，绘至因果图中；

⑤ 因果图小组要形成共识，把最可能是问题根源的项目用红笔或特殊记号标识；

⑥ 记入必要事项

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Implementation steps:



① Establish a causal diagram analysis team with 3-6 people, preferably representatives from various departments;



② Identify the problem points;



③ Draw the main bone, middle bone, and small bone of the trunk line, and determine the major causes (generally comprehensively identify the causes from six aspects: 5M1E, namely human Man, machine, material, method, measurement, and environmental factors);



④ The attendees warmly discussed and analyzed the major causes, identified the medium or minor causes, and drew them into a causal diagram;



⑤ The causal diagram group should form a consensus and identify the items that are most likely to be the root cause of the problem with red pens or special markers;



⑥ Record necessary matters