供应商产品质量管理 Supplier Product Quality Management

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供应商产品质量管理（Supplier Quality Management, SQM）是企业确保来料质量稳定、降低供应链风险、保障最终产品品质和客户满意度的核心环节。它不是简单的“进货检验”，而是一个贯穿供应商选择、准入、过程监控、绩效评估到持续改进的全生命周期管理体系

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Supplier Quality Management (SQM) is the core link for enterprises to ensure stable incoming material quality, reduce supply chain risks, guarantee final product quality, and customer satisfaction. It is not a simple "incoming inspection", but a full lifecycle management system that runs through supplier selection, admission, process monitoring, performance evaluation, and continuous improvement

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供应商质量管理的核心目标
确保来料质量稳定可靠，符合技术要求和标准。
降低质量成本：减少退货、返工、停线、客户投诉和召回风险。
提升供应链韧性与合规性，应对市场变化和法规要求（如环保、安全）。
建立战略合作伙伴关系，推动供应商协同创新与持续改进

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The core objective of supplier quality management
Ensure stable and reliable quality of incoming materials, in compliance with technical requirements and standards.
Reduce quality costs: minimize the risks of returns, rework, downtime, customer complaints, and recalls.
Enhance supply chain resilience and compliance, respond to market changes and regulatory requirements (such as environmental protection and safety).
Establish strategic partnerships to promote collaborative innovation and continuous improvement among suppliers

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阶段1：供应商选择与准入（Plan）

• 供应商开发与筛选

  • 建立供应商准入标准（资质、产能、技术、质量体系、财务状况、ESG表现）。
  • 进行市场调研，收集潜在供应商信息。
  • 初步筛选，形成“合格供应商名录”（AVL/QSL）候选名单。
    

• 供应商审核（Audit）

  • 文件审核：检查营业执照、检测报告、认证证书（如ISO 9001、IATF 16949、ISO 13485等）。
  • 现场审核：
    • 质量体系审核：评估其质量管理体系运行有效性。
    • 过程审核（如VDA 6.3）：评估关键制造过程的能力和稳定性。
    • 产品审核：抽样检查其成品质量。
    • 绿色供应链审核：环保、有害物质管控（如RoHS、REACH）。
      
  • 使用《供应商审核 checklist》进行系统评估。
    

• 样品承认（PPAP / FAI）

  • 要求供应商提供样品及全套文件（如：PSW、DFMEA、PFMEA、控制计划、全尺寸报告、材料证明、初始过程能力研究CPK等）。
  • 执行PPAP（生产件批准程序，汽车行业）或FAI（首件检验，航空/医疗）。
  • 内部测试验证合格后，签署《样品承认书》。
    

• 签订质量协议

  • 明确质量要求、验收标准、不合格品处理流程、赔偿责任、数据共享、变更管理要求等。
  • 是后续质量管理的法律依据。
    
  
  

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Stage 1: Supplier Selection and Admission (Plan)
Supplier development and screening
Establish supplier admission standards (qualifications, production capacity, technology, quality system, financial status, ESG performance).
Conduct market research and collect information on potential suppliers.
Preliminary screening to form a candidate list for the 'Qualified Supplier List' (AVL/QSL).
Supplier Audit
Document review: Check business license, testing report, certification certificate (such as ISO 9001, IATF 16949, ISO 13485, etc.).
On site audit:
Quality system audit: Evaluate the effectiveness of its quality management system operation.
Process audit (such as VDA 6.3): Evaluate the capability and stability of critical manufacturing processes.
Product review: Sampling inspection of the quality of the finished product.
Green supply chain audit: environmental protection, hazardous substance control (such as RoHS, REACH).
Use the Supplier Audit Checklist for system evaluation.
Sample recognition (PPAP/FAI)
Request the supplier to provide samples and a complete set of documents (such as PSW, DFMEA, PFMEA, control plan, full-size report, material certification, initial process capability study CPK, etc.).
Execute PPAP (Production Part Approval Procedure, Automotive Industry) or FAI (First Article Inspection, Aviation/Medical).
After passing the internal testing verification, sign the "Sample Confirmation Letter".
Sign quality agreement
Clarify quality requirements, acceptance criteria, non-conforming product handling procedures, compensation responsibilities, data sharing, change management requirements, etc.
It is the legal basis for subsequent quality management.

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来料质量控制与过程监控（Do）

• 来料检验（IQC - Incoming Quality Control）

  • 制定《IQC检验标准》和《抽样方案》（如AQL标准）。
  • 检验项目：外观、尺寸、功能、材料、包装、标识等。
  • 使用专业设备（如卡尺、投影仪、光谱仪、盐雾试验箱等）。
  • 风险分级管理：对关键物料（A类）加严检验，对长期稳定的供应商可放宽检验（免检或抽检）。
    

• 供应商过程监控

  • 驻厂QC：对高风险或关键供应商派驻质量人员。
  • 要求供应商提供过程数据：如SPC控制图、首件检验记录、设备点检记录。
  • 飞行检查：不定期突击审核，确保其日常管理真实有效。
    

• 变更管理（ECN）

  • 要求供应商对材料、工艺、设备、场地、分包商等任何变更必须提前通知并获得批准。
  • 未经批准的变更视为重大质量风险，可能导致批量不合格。
    
  
  

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Incoming material quality control and process monitoring (Do)
Incoming Quality Control (IQC)
Develop IQC inspection standards and sampling plans (such as AQL standards).
Inspection items: appearance, size, function, material, packaging, labeling, etc.
Use professional equipment such as calipers, projectors, spectrometers, salt spray test chambers, etc.
Risk classification management: Strict inspection is required for key materials (Class A), and inspection can be relaxed (exempted or sampled) for long-term stable suppliers.
Supplier process monitoring
Resident QC: Assign quality personnel to high-risk or critical suppliers.
Require suppliers to provide process data, such as SPC control charts, first article inspection records, and equipment inspection records.
Flight inspection: Conduct irregular surprise audits to ensure the authenticity and effectiveness of daily management.
Change Management (ECN)
Suppliers are required to notify and obtain approval in advance for any changes in materials, processes, equipment, sites, subcontractors, etc.
Unauthorized changes are considered significant quality risks and may result in batch nonconformities.

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绩效评估与反馈（Check）

• 建立供应商质量绩效指标（SQKPI）

  • 来料批次合格率（Incoming PPM / DPPM）
  • 上线不良率（Production Defect Rate）
  • 客户投诉率（Customer Complaints related to supplier）
  • 交货准时率（OTD）
  • 问题响应与解决时效（8D回复及时率、整改措施有效性）
  • 审核不符合项关闭率
    

• 定期绩效评估

  • 按月/季度进行评分，形成《供应商绩效评分卡》。
  • 结果用于供应商分级管理（如：A级战略伙伴、B级合格、C级观察、D级淘汰）。
    

• 质量问题处理

  • 发现不合格品，立即启动《不合格品处理流程》（退货、挑选、让步接收）。
  • 要求供应商在规定时间内提交8D报告（或5Why+CAPA）。
  • 验证整改措施的有效性（如：试产验证、过程审核）。
    
  
  

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Performance Evaluation and Feedback (Check)
Establish Supplier Quality Performance Indicators (SQKPI)
Incoming Batch Qualification Rate (Incoming PPM/DPPM)
Production Defect Rate
Customer Complaints Related to Suppliers
On Time Delivery (OTD)
Problem response and resolution time (8D response timeliness, effectiveness of corrective measures)
Audit non conformance closure rate
Regular performance evaluation
Monthly/quarterly scoring is conducted to form the 'Supplier Performance Scorecard'.
The results are used for supplier grading management (such as A-level strategic partner, B-level qualified, C-level observation, D-level elimination).
Quality problem handling
Upon discovering non-conforming products, immediately initiate the 'Non Conforming Product Handling Process' (return, selection, concession acceptance).
Require suppliers to submit 8D reports (or 5Why+CAPA) within the specified time.
Verify the effectiveness of corrective measures (such as trial production verification, process audit).